Objective: Furcal perforation is an undesirable complication that may occur during root canal therapy and seriously compromises the prognosis of endodontic treatment. The prognosis of furcal perforation repair depends on the prevention of bacterial infection of the perforation site. Thus, use of a biocompatible material for complete sealing of the perforation site is critically important. This study aimed to compare the micro leakage of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and OCTACA1CIUM PHOSPHATE ((OCP)) for furcal perforation repair.Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 70 human mandibular molars with divergent roots, intact furcation site and completely formed apices. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups of two experimental (n=30), one positive control and one negative control group (n=5). The furcation floor was then perforated. In the first and second experimental groups, furcation perforations were repaired with (OCP) and MT A, respectively. In the positive control group, the perforation was left untreated and in the negative control group no furcal perforation was created. The access cavity in all groups was filled with Cavit. The teeth were stored in 100% humidity for 48h. Root apices were sealed with sticky wax and the entire external surface of teeth except for 0.5 mm around the perforation site was covered with two coats of nail polish. The specimens were immersed in India ink for 4 days and then sectioned in half buccolingually. The sections were separated and dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope at 25X magnification. Obtained data were Janalyzed using independent t-test.Results: No micro leakage was observed in the negative control group. In the positive control group, the dye had completely penetrated into the walls. The amount of dye penetration was 1.64 and 1.22mm in the (OCP) and MT A groups, respectively. Statistical analysis of data revealed that the sealability ofMTA was significantly greater than that of(OCP) (P<0.0001).Conclusion: (OCP) cannot be an acceptable alternative to MT A in terms of sealability.

In order to evaluate bone induction and repair in cranial bone defects by the use of Octacalcium PHOSPHATE ((OCP)), the authors used 40 young male Sprague Dawley rats (5-6 weeks age) The (OCP) was which they made use of it in the present study was prepared by a method, namely legeraus method. A defect with 5mm diameter was produced in parietal bones and then 5mg (OCP) was implanted in the place of the defect. On the 5th 7th 14th and st days after the operation, the specimens were taken out of the defect.After processing the tissues by routine procedures, the authors prepared 5 micron sections of the samples, stained them with H&E and finally studied the sections by light microscope. On the 5th day, they noticed inflammatory cells around the implanted (OCP). On the 7th day after the operation, osteogenesis was initiated from the margin of the defect. And finally on the 14th day and the days after, in addition to bone formation from the margins towards the centre, they observed more oppositions of new bones locally around the (OCP) particles. At the end of 21st day, almost all of the (OCP) particles were absorbed and bone trabeculae, marrow cavities, bone marrow tissues were appeared. As the findings show (OCP) could stimulate bone induction and new bone formation in bone defects, so it seems that (OCP) could be used in the repair of cranial bone defects.

Background: In order to evaluate bone induction and repair in cranial bone defects by the use of combination of Octacalcium PHOSPHATE/Bone Matrix Gelatin ((OCP)/BMG), this study was conducted.Materials and Methods: We used 40 young male Sprague dawley rats (5-6 weeks age). A full thickness standardized trephine defect, 5mm in diameter, was made in the rat parietal bone and (OCP) combined with BMG was implanted into the defect. No (OCP)/BMG particles were implanted in control group that was otherwise treated identically. On the 5th, 7th, 14th, and 21st days after implantation, the rats were killed and bone samples collected. After processing the tissues by routine histological procedures, 5μm thick sections of bone were cut and stained with Haematoxyline and Eosin (H& E) and alcian blue and examined by light microscope.Results: On the 5th day after implantation, inflammatory cells were seen around the implanted materials, especially around the (OCP) particles. A few clusters of cartilage cells were observed between the BMG particles in the central position of defects on the 7th day after implantation. On the 14th day after implantation, osteogenesis was seen at the margins of the defects. In addition to bone formation from the margins toward the center, interstitial growth of new bone tissue was seen around the implanted materials. By the end of 21st day, almost all of the (OCP)/BMG particles were absorbed and bone trabeculae, bone marrow cavities and bone marrow tissues were seen. In the control group, at the end of 21th day, a few areas of new bone were seen near to the defect margins and host bone, but much less than in the experimental group.Conclusion: Therefore, implants of (OCP)/BMG appear to stimulate new bone growth in bone defects and these biomaterials could be used in the repair of cranial bone defects and injuries in clinical situations.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a systemic autoimmune blistering disease that mostly affects skin and mucosal membranes. When the finding is primarily seen in eyes and conjunctiva, it is called ocular cicatricial pemphigoid ((OCP)). (OCP) is characterized by linear deposits of IgA, IgG, or c3 in the epithelial basement membrane zone (BMZ). Ocular involvement is devasting as progressive cicatrization can lead to blindness. In this review article, we discuss pathogenesis, ocular findings, grading, and diagnosis and treatment modalities for (OCP).

Statement of Problem: Several methods are used to enhance bone repair and new bone formation, and bone matrix gelatin (BMG) is recently introduced. Purpose: The purpose of this histologic and histomorphometric study was to assess the osteogenic potential and the quantity of new trabecular bone formation after implantation of (OCP) and BMG alone and in combination into the cranial defects in rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 100 young male Sprague Dawley rats (5-6 weeks age and 120-150gr weight) were divided into four groups randomly. A full thickness standard trephine defect 5mm in diameter was made in the rat's parietal bone, and 5mg of (OCP), BMG alone and in combination were implanted into the defects. No (OCP) and BMG particles were implanted in control group which was otherwise treated identically. On the 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 56th days after implantation, the rats were killed and bone samples collected. After processing the samples by routine histological procedures, 5µm thick sections of bone were cut and stained with Haematoxyline & Eosin (H&E) and Alcian Blue and studied histologically and histomorphometrically using light microscope and eyepiece graticule. The amount of newly formed bone was quantitatively measured by the use of histomorphometric methods. Data were analyzed with SAS statistical package using ANOVA and Duncan tests.Results: In the experimental groups, the new bone formation was initiated from the margin of defects during 5-14 days after implantation. During 14-21 days after implantation, bone marrow cavities and bone marrow tissues in newly formed bone were seen. By the end of the study, the newly formed bone increased and was relatively matured and almost all of the implanted materials were absorbed. In control group, at the end of the study, a few clusters of new bone were seen near to the defect margins and host bone. The histomorphometric analysis indicated statistical significant differences in the amount of newly formed bone between the experimental and control groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: Implants of (OCP)/BMG appear to stimulate bone induction and new bone growth in bone defects greater than the other groups and these biomaterials could be used in the repair of cranial bone defects in clinical situations.

Open Circuit Potential ((OCP)) is one of the electrochemical methods to evaluate the corrosion performance of organic coatings. Some authors have used (OCP) measurement data to confirm their results obtained with Electrochemical lmpedance Spectroscopy (ElS). In this investigation, there is an attempt to utilize (OCP) measurements to estimate the CPVC (Critical Pigment Volume Concentration) of two anti-corrosive pigments, i.e., zinc PHOSPHATE and zinc chromate.(OCP) measurements showed two distinct behaviors in the PVCs lower than CPVC and one typical behavior at the PVCs higher than CPVc. The results showed that (OCP) measurement could be a highly reliable method for the evaluation of CPVc.

Background and purpose: This study was designed to identify the cells involved in the healing of the parietal bone defects after implantation of octacalcium PHOSPHATE ((OCP)) combined with bone matrix gelatin (BMG).Materials and Methods: Sixteen young male Sprague Dawley rats (5-6 weeks age) were used. A full thickness standardized trephine defects, 5mm in diameter, was made in the rat parietal bone and (OCP) combined with BMG (in 1/4 ratio) was implanted into the defect. No (OCP)/BMG particles were implanted in control group that was otherwise treated identically. Cellular identification was carried out on days 7th and 14th after implantation, by light and transmission electron microscopy.Results: Ultrastractural identification of cells involved in the healing of the defects in experimental group on day 7th after implantation, showed full secretary chondroblasts and also showed the integration of newly formed matrix with the defect margins. On day 14th after implantation the results revealed the typical osteoblasts that are active in the defect margins.Conclusion: In experimental group, bone defects were healed through intramembranous ossification route.

Background: Success of contraceptive methods depends on correct usage of them. Objective: To investigate the degree of knowledge, attitude and practice of (OCP) users. Methods: In an analytic- descriptive study, 488 women who had referred to health and treatment centers of Qazvin city were randomly chosen. The subjects filled a questionnaire containing 34 questions. Findings: The findings indicated that the duration of (OCP) using was between 1 month to 17 years. 3.5% of women had become pregnant despite using (OCP). Only 10% of the subjects had the proper knowledge. Most of them (91.2%) had positive attitude toward (OCP) and their practice was at moderate and proper revel. Research findings showed statistical meaningful relationship between knowledge and practice; knowledge and revel of education; attitude and duration of (OCP) using; and attitude and pregnancy along with (OCP) using. Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge about (OCP) using among women demands the improvement of educational programs in family planning centers and accomplishment of continuous educational programs.      

Introduction: Prevention of pregnancy by synthetic steroids is a new event in present century.These pills are the most widely used among contraceptives component. The most serious complications of these pills are thrombosis that has the key roles in raising the risk of death from circulatory problems. But there are doubts whether these contraceptives pills with low dose estrogen can be a risk factor. Considering the few studies in this regard, the aim of this study is to compare cardiovascular disease in women with and without (OCP) use in selected hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This is a case control study with 742 samples that took place in 2006-2008. Cases were 317 women with cardiovascular disease and the controls were a group of 371 women without cardiovascular disease between ages of 20-60 years. Data collection tools consist of questionnaire, interview with patients and family, we also used records of patients. Data analyzed with SPSS Version 15.5 with use of odds ratio, logistic regression and other statistical test.Results: 49.1% of cases and 49.9% of controls were used (OCP). Analysis showed no statistical relation between the use of (OCP) and cardiovascular disease (P=0.8, OR: 1.018, CI: 851-22). But significant statistical relation was found between hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia with cardiovascular disease (P<0.0001).Conclusion: The results of this study didn’t show true association between low-dose (OCP)s and cardiovascular. However, due to the type of study and sample size the result isn’t extendable to other communities, so recommended to repeat this study with another method and more sample size. Also, pills should be prescribed with considering to the cardiovascular risk factors.